Stolen from a Reddit thread cause the top answer isn’t super accurate (tldr Japanese “nipon” to Portuguese to Italian to English)
The first three Europeans that arrived in Japan in 1543 were Portuguese traders (António Mota, Francisco Zeimoto and António Peixoto). They were on a Chinese trading ship that had been blown off course and stopped on the island of Tanegashima to take on fresh water.
The Portuguese had three names for Japan. This is evidenced by the title of the 1603 Portuguese Japanese dictionary (Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam) which uses Iapam and within in its pages also provides two other pronunciations for Japan being iippon and nifon. The reason for the multiple names appears to be due to:
The Portuguese first got the name Japan from the Chinese which called it Riben in Mandarin. Iippon is a relatively close translation of this word that sort of works for the Portuguese tongue. However, the Chinese language of wayfarers and the one that the first Portuguese to arrive in Japan would have heard would have been either Shanghainese or Hokkien (the dialect from Fujian). Shanghainese would have pronounced Nippon as Zeppen. Hokkien would have pronounced Nippon as Ji̍tpún. Nifon would have been relatively close to both. The Japanese that the Jesuits, who compiled the dictionary, would have likely to have spoken would have been influenced by the Japanese spoken in Nagasaki, which is where the Portuguese main base was. The accent of Nagasaki is what is called a Nikei-accent system, and widely used in south-west Kyushu. It has two contrasting tonal patterns, irrespective of the number of moras in the word. Thus Nippon would be Ni-Pon which then translates to Ia-pam
The Italians then started using the term Iapam. The largest Italian city of that era was Padua. Given the round about way the word Iapam got to Padua and based on the Italian spoken then, it got translated to Giapan. In an English travel book published in 1577 called “The History of trauayle in the VVest and East Indies …” the term Giapan was used.
Given that the Italian Gi sounds like J, it is not surprising that the English swapped Gi for J resulting in Japan.
Thus how Nippon became Japan appears tortuous starting with Portuguese being influenced by the type of Japanese spoken by the Jesuits in the 16th Century. Then from the three terms that the Portuguese used, the one that was perceived and recieved in Padua was Iapam, which was then translated into Italian as Giapan. And then how Giapan, used in the first known English travel journal that used the name, became anglicized into Japan.
we call it Japan from the name Marco Polo gave it, Cipango, which should come from the name of some random island he ended up in. we call it Greece because the Romans called it Graecia, for reasons I can’t figure out
Because they thought it was full of greasy bastards?
Edit: more realistically the Graecians were one of the first to colonize Italy, so the Romans likely ran into the Graecians first, then when they ran into the rest of the Hellenes, figured hey, they guys are just more Graecians.
Edit two: it would be like a US American running into a Louisiana-ian as a first impression for French, then calling the rest of the Francophonie “Louisians” and the country of France “Louisburg”
Interestingly, the Romans called the Greeks Grekili , a degrading term, signifying they were fallen, decadent and servile. This is thought to be because allegedly the Greeks were not fans of straightforward battle, but preferred other tactics like ambushes and night-attacks.
There are actually specific words in the English language for precisely what you’re talking about.
Endonym - The native name of a geologic feature or place. From your example: Nihon in Japanese.
Exonym - The foreign name of a geologic feature or place. From your example: Japan in English.
There is also a other example in Europe, Finland. We finns call it Suomi, and everyone else calls us Finland. Origin of Finland is also from Romans, because they called us Fenni. Origin of Suomi is unknown, but there are multiple theories.
i thought the name Finland was from Norwegian.
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It’s strange that we still use these weird synonyms in English for real names that are just as easy to pronounce.
It’s an issue of convention, which is underneath an issue of power - i.e. who decides the convention? Do foreigners have a right to effectively modify how a place is called? Or does that power rely exclusively on the locals?
For a long time, “foreigners” avowed that right to them: it was the colonial era, after all, and colonial powers were “obviously” right in privileging their rules.
In the post-colonial world, things have changed. It has now been accepted, roughly, that the right to self-determination extends to determining how others should call them and their countries. These rights are pretty new, in the overall history of mankind, and somewhat nebulous, so old conventions linger; but the countries more determined to be treated as equal on the world stage (China, India…) have already put it into action and insisted that their preferred names be used. Not doing so would be uncourteous, a bit of a slap in the face.
Personally, I’m all for the new rule, I just wish it was consistent for everyone. My home country doesn’t contain any “Florence”, but it does have Firenze; the above-mentioned Padua is actually Padova; Venice should be Venezia, Rome Roma, Turin Torino, Genoa Genova, etc etc.
The entire population of Turkey: It’s spelled Türkiye
Reminds me of not adopting the metric system. A combination of history and inertia.
And how did we get Finnish from Suomi?
Edit: I missed the other comment with the answer. Once again it was Romans
If you look at the characters the Japanese use for the name of their country, 日本 is pronounced Nihon in Japanese. The same characters in Chinese spell Riben (in Pinyin) which is pronounced closer to “Erben” but almost with a J sound, especially in the northern part of the country. If you heard the Chinese pronunciation, you could easily understand how a foreigner would translate it to “Japan.”
When people speaking one language encounter another people, then the first group will only refer to the second group by their endonym if they respect the second group’s autonomy and identity. Their first instinct is just to call them by whatever details might distinguish them (“Netherlands” because the land is pretty close to sea level), or even by what they might say often (the somewhat derogatory “gook” comes from when American soldiers heard Koreans say “Miguk” which is “America” in Korean; also, I think there are some Indigenous Americans whose English names were simply their language’s translation of “I don’t understand what you are saying”, but I can’t remember what groups).
