Only thing I can possibly think of is that your “do not disturb” or one of your other focus modes is set with an empty home screen and all your regular app pages are deactivated. This is at least on iOS 17 (and was already a thing on iOS 16 from what I remember).
You can check this under settings->focus->*focus mode of choice eg. do not disturb or sleep and it should show you several options for what kind of lockscreen and app pages you want to have on display while in that focus mode.
Only thing I can possibly think of is that your “do not disturb” or one of your other focus modes is set with an empty home screen and all your regular app pages are deactivated. This is at least on iOS 17 (and was already a thing on iOS 16 from what I remember).
You can check this under settings->focus->*focus mode of choice eg. do not disturb or sleep and it should show you several options for what kind of lockscreen and app pages you want to have on display while in that focus mode.