“Headache’s gone!”

“Among New World societies, trepanation is most commonly found in the Andean civilizations such as the Inca,[3] where it is frequently associated with pre-existing cranial damage, indicating that it had a use as a reasonably-successful medical procedure— by one estimate, more than 70% of the patients survived the operation.[4] In 2008, anthropologists have discovered evidence which suggests that survival rates may have been as high as 80 to 90 percent.[5]”

From the wikipedia article : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trepanation_in_Mesoamerica

Shall we not assume that everything our ancestors did was stupid, 'Urdummheit"? https://hrafnspeil.blogspot.com/2009/02/urdummheit-primeval-stupidity.html https://www.jstor.org/stable/706165

Thanks for posting this, as it gave me the opportunity to finally look up the term, which I have been using for many years.